MAND means "entrust" or "order." A command is an order; a commandment is also an order, but usually one that comes from God. And a commando unit carries out orders for special military actions.


mandate [ˈman-ˌdāt]
mandatory [ˈman-də-ˌtȯr-ē]
commandeer [ˌkä-mən-ˈdir]
remand [ri-ˈmand]

UND means "wave" and "to rise in waves," "to surge or flood." Undulations are waves or wavelike things or motions, and to undulate is to rise and fall in a wavelike way.


undulant [ˈən-jə-lənt]
inundate [ˈi-(ˌ)nən-ˌdāt]
redound [ri-ˈdau̇nd]
redundancy [ri-ˈdən-dən(t)-sē]

SANCT meaning "holy." Thus, sanctity means "holiness." In ancient Greece, a spot could be sanctified, or "made holy," by a group of priests who carried out a solemn ritual; these might be spots where fumes arose from a crack in the earth or where a spring of clear water flowed out of the ground, and a temple might be built there for worship of a god.


sanction [ˈsaŋ(k)-shən]
sanctimonious [ˌsaŋ(k)-tə-ˈmō-nē-əs]
sacrosanct [ˈsa-krō-ˌsaŋ(k)t]
sanctuary [ˈsaŋ(k)-chə-ˌwer-ē]

LOQU means "to talk." An eloquent preacher speaks fluently, forcefully, and expressively. And a dummy's words come out of a ventriloquist's mouth--or perhaps out of his belly.


colloquium [kə-ˈlō-kwē-əm]
soliloquy [sə-ˈli-lə-kwē]
colloquial [kə-ˈlō-kwē-əl]
loquacious [lō-ˈkwā-shəs]

VIR means "man." A virtue is a good quality--originally, the kind of quality an ideal man possessed. And virtuous behavior is normally excellent. All in all, the Romans seem to have believed that being a man was a good thing.


virility [və-ˈri-lə-tē]
triumvirate [trī-ˈəm-və-rət]
virago [və-ˈrä-(ˌ)gō]
virtuosity [ˌvər-chü-ˈä-sə-tē]

VAL meaning "strength," and "to be worthy, healthy, or strong" and "to have power or influence." So evaluating a house involves determining how healthy it is. A valid license or credit card is one that's still in effect, and a valid proof is one that provides strong evidence.


valor [ˈva-lər]
equivalent [i-ˈkwiv-lənt]
prevalent [ˈpre-və-lənt]
validate [ˈva-lə-ˌdāt]

CRE/CRET means "to come into being" and "to grow." So a crescendo in music occurs when the music is growing louder, and a decrescendo when it's growing softer.


crescent [ˈkre-sᵊnt]
accretion [ə-ˈkrē-shən]
excrescence [ik-ˈskre-sᵊn(t)s]
increment [ˈiŋ-krə-mənt]

FUS means "to pour out" or "to melt." A fuse depends on melting metal to break an overloaded circuit. Nuclear fusion involves the "melting" together of light nuclei to form heavier nuclei, and fusion cuisine brings together the cooking of two or more cultures.


transfusion [tran(t)s-ˈfyü-zhən]
effusive [i-ˈfyü-siv]
profusion [prə-ˈfyü-zhən]
suffuse [sə-ˈfyüz]

Greek and Latin Borrowings


apologia [ˌa-pə-ˈlō-j(ē-)ə]
atrium [ˈā-trē-əm]
oligarchy [ˈä-lə-ˌgär-kē]
encomium [en-ˈkō-mē-əm]
neurosis [nu̇-ˈrō-səs]
opprobrium [ə-ˈprō-brē-əm]
referendum [ˌre-fə-ˈren-dəm]
ultimatum [ˌəl-tə-ˈmā-təm]